E 475 
.97 
.W87 
Copy 1 



CHATTANOOGA 

LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN 
MISSIONARY RIDGE 



V>( • I it I H i i > /,< (t ' 



/ ' / ', 



/ ' / y / J // / 

4r.(f. 



CHATTANOOGA 



OR 



Lookout Mountain 



AND 



Missionary Eiclge 



From MOCCASIN POINT 



BY 

BRADFORD R." WOOD, JR., 

Brevet Captain, late U. S. A., Brevet Major U. S. V. 



Albauy, N. Y. 



n 



A paper read at the Thirty-second Annual Meeting of the U. S. 
Veteran Signal Corps Association, held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 
September 10, 1907. 

Major Wood, when introduced, said : — 

I wish to describe to the comrades present a great battle which resulted 
in a victory for the Union, and to introduce you to some of our Western 
soldiers. If I can give you one or two new facts, or increase your love for 
the West or for all of our great and glorious country, I shall be well pleased. 
My story is not all original, but what is not I have taken from official and 
reliable records, so that I can say that it is all true to the best of my 
knowledge and belief. 



Gift 
Author 
(Pawn) 



Published November, 1907 
By The U. S. Veteran Signal Corps Association 



LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN AND MISSIONARY RIDGE 
FROM MOCCASIN POINT 

In the fall of the year 1863, during the Civil War, while serving in the 
signal corps attached to the fourth corps of the army of the Cumberland, it 
was my privilege to have a good station on Moccasin Point, opposite Look- 
out Mountain, on the north side of the Tennessee river, from which to 
witness the -assault of the Union troops under Gen. Hooker up the north face 
of the mountain, and also the charge of the army of the Cumberland under 
Gen. Thomas up the western slope of Missionary Ridge. 

Moccasin Point is about three miles below Chattanooga and is formed 
by a bend in the Tennessee, which turns to the east and north at Lookout 
Mountain, continuing in that direction to a little north of Chattanooga, 
when it inclines to the northwest and then again to the southwest. The 
eastern side of Moccasin Point near the river is quite steep and from 100 to 
150 feet above it, the crest of the ridge being covered with trees. The 
western side and the point slope gently to the river bank and contain some 
cultivated fields and farm houses, the peninsula being about a mile wide in 
the widest part. From the summit of Lookout Mountain it bears some 
resemblance to an Indian's foot clad in a moccasin, from which it derives 
its name. Lookout Mountain is an elevated plateau extending from the 
Tennessee river about forty miles southwest into Georgia and Alabama, its 
sides and summit being covered with trees, with some open fields and culti- 
vated farms. Near Chattanooga its height is about 1500 feet above the 
river. The northern slope from the Tennessee is rocky and steep for about 
600 feet, when the ascent is more gradual and contains an open space of a 
few acres cultivated as a farm. A white farm house, known as Craven's, is 
situated on the upper margin of the farm and near the western point. 
From the southern side of the farm the ascent to the summit is very rocky 
and almost perpendicular. The house was occupied by the confederate 
general E. C. Walthall as his headquarters. Around the point of the 
mountain, a little above the river, is the track of the Nashville and Chatta- 
nooga railroad cut in the side of the rock, and above it, across the open 
field, was a wagon road leading into Lookout valley. On the eastern side 
of the mountain and connecting with this was the road to Summertown, 
the only wagon road to the summit of the mountain for many miles. Chat- 
tanooga creek, a good-sized stream, flows into the Tennessee at the foot of 
the mountain on the eastern side, and Lookout creek from Lookout val- 
ley on the western. 



4 

After the battle of Chickamauga the center of the army of the Cumber 
land withdrew from the field in good order on the night of Sept. 20, 1863, 
to Rossville, a few miles south of Chattanooga, and was ready to give battle 
on the following day. the right and left wings being again in position. It 

was not however closely followed or attacked by the enemy, but as Chat- 
tanooga was considered a much better position for defense, on Sept. 22, 
the army took up ifs position on the hills surrounding the town and was 
soon intrenched and securely fortified against any attack. Its lines ex- 
tended from the Tennessee river on the south to the bank of the river on the 
north. It also held Moccasin Point, the river being crossed by a pontoon 
bridge, and the north side of the river to Bridgeport, from whence it received 
Lts supplies by wagon road. 

The Confederate army occupied Lookout Mountain, Lookout and 
Chattanooga valleys on the south, and Missionary Ridge on the east, also 
Orchard Knob and some other intervening hills. They had railroad con- 
nection with Atlanta, 140 miles south, and could easily receive supplies and 
reinforcements. 

On Oct. 20, 1863, I was ordered with Lt. S. A. Thayer and four flag- 
men to establish a signal station of observation on Moccasin Point, to watch 
the movements of the enemy and report to a signal station on Cameron 
Hill directly south of Chattanooga, from whence there was a telegraph line 









/IUW s% 




to the headquarters of the army in the town. Our station was on the edge 
of a bluff overlooking the river, and about fifty yards in rear of the guns of 
Capt. Naylor's battery, the 10th Indiana. This battery consisted of one 
10-pounder and one 20-pounder Parrott, and two 12-pounder brass howit- 



eers. To the right and a little lower down on the point, was Capt. Spencer's 
battery the 1st Illinois, formerly Capt. Aleshire's, of two brass Napoleons 
and two 12 pounder howitzers. Still further to the right and rear was 
encamped a brigade of infantry under the command of Gen. W. C. Whitaker. 
On the north fa^e of Lookout Mountain were two lines of intrenchments 
with redoubts on the eastern and western extremities, and a covered way 
around the point. There had been a battery near the Craven house, but 
the fire of our guns was so accurate that it had been withdrawn to the 
summit of the mountain where it was more secure. Our batteries had a 
good range of the wagon road across the point of Lookout and also of the 
Summertown road on the eastern side of the mountain, a portion of which 
could be seen. As Capt. Naylor was serving at division headquarters as 
ordnance officer, Lt. Crosby was left in charge of his battery, and with his 
Parrott guns he did some very fine shooting. He sank the trail of one of 
them in the ground elevating the muzzle sufficiently to explode some shells 
directly over the summit of the mountain. One day we noticed a signal 
officer on the point of Lookout, signaling to Gen. Bragg's headquarters on 
Missionary Ridge, and Lt. Crosby was about to fire at him when I requested 
him not to do so in order that I might try to read his message. I called off 
the numbers to one of my flagmen, who wrote them down and afterwards 
compared them to the Confederate code which had been given me, but they 
did not agree. As the flagman on the mountain stood with his left side 
towards me, it was very difficult to distinguish the motions of the flag from 
the right to the left; so I thought I did not get the numbers correctly, or 
else the officer was using a cipher. I tried again however, Lt. Crosby 
writing down the numbers for me, but meeting with no better success, I 
said I had no objection to his firing at the flag, which he did, the shell ex- 
ploding very near it, and we saw it no more. There was a rumor soon after 
that a signal officer had been killed on the top of the mountain, but I never 
heard it confirmed. The signal station was probably moved further back 
on the summit where we could not see it, as communication was still kept 
up with Missionary Ridge. For firing at the summit, Lt. Crosby cut his 
fuses for twenty seconds, and for firing at the enemy on the Craven farm 
and the Summertown road, for ten and twelve seconds. A little later a 
section of 20-pounder Parrotts was placed on an elevation to the right and 
some distance to the rear of the batteries mentioned, which enfiladed the 
enemy's lines on the western slope of the mountain. The firing from Look- 
out Mountain though frequent did little damage on Moccasin Point, the 
shells either falling short or going over our heads into the Tennessee river. 
One evening while sending a message by torchlight it became necessary 
to fill the stationary foot-torch with turpentine. In doing so some of the 
fluid was accidentally spilled on the ground, which afterwards became 
ignited from one of the torches, the flame spreading rapidly among the 
dry pine needles and brush on the ground. The enemy seeing the fire 
commenced shelling us, one shell striking very near, but with the assistance 
of some men from the battery, by stamping and beating, we soon suc- 
ceeded in extinguishing the fire. Waiting a few minutes until everything 
was quiet, I lighted my torches again and finished my message without 
being again disturbed. Not long after this there was a forest fire on the 
eastern side of Lookout Mountain, which burned for nearly a week, but as 
it approached the houses near the point it was extinguished. 



The following are a few of the messages sent in cipher from the signal 
station on Moccasin Point to the station on Cameron Hill: — 

Oct. 26, 1:20 a.m. 

Gen. Thomas: — Beat the enemy off Williams' Island twice to-night. Want no help. 

(Signed) Whitaker, General. 
Oct. 29, 7:50 p.m. 

Gen. Thomas: — Rebel troops were moving about northeast. They were twenty-seven 
minutes in passing a given point. 



Nov. 15, 11:20 a.m. 

Capt. Leoi^rd: — Naylor's battery firing at squads of men passing along the road near 
white house on Lookout, also at earthwork on the edge of open field below and to the right 
of the house. 



Nov. 15, 12:30 p.m. 

Battery No. 5 is now firing at a regiment of infantry and wagons going up Lookout. 

Nov. 16, 9:30 a.m. 

About a brigade of infantry just passed over the mountain towards Lookout valley. 
Our batteries opened on them. 



Nov. 20, 11:20 a.m. 

Rebels are extending rifle pits on Lookout below wnite house. Naylor's battery is 
shelling them. 



Nov. 21, 4:20 p.m. 

Lt. Bachtell: — Thev are rifle pits. I reported them to Gen. Thomas about a week 
ago when lie was here. Have seen a few men passing there to-day but none at work. Nay- 
lor's battery will fire at the point you mention. 



Nov. 22, 9:55 a.m. 

Capt Leonard: — The enemy are strengthening their earthworks on northeast face of 
Lookout. Naylor's battery is shelling them. 



Nov. 22, 11:15 a.m. 

Can see artillery and a long train of wagons going up the road on Mission Ridge, 85 de- 
grees east of south from this station. 



Nov. 23, 11:15 a.m. 

Naylor's battery is firing at wagons going up the mountain and at men at work on earth- 
work near white house. Three shots from summit of Lookout this morning. 



Nov. 23, 3 p.m. 

Naylor's and Aleshire's batteries firing at enemv in line of battle on our right beyond 
rolling mill. 



It is very probable that the firing of our batteries at this time was 
intended to draw the attention of the enemy from the approach of Gen. 
Sherman's troops above Chattanooga. 

Nov. 23, 9:30 p.m. 

Have just read rebel message from station on Mission Ridge, viz: "On whose left did 
Gen. S think the attack would be made?" 

This message was sent from Gen. Braggs' headquarters on Missionary 
Ridge without address or signature 1 . In the evening of the same day the 
following message was secured from another source: — 

Gen. Hardee: —I observed from the Point the movements of the enemy until dark. 
The object seemed to be to attract our attention. The troops in sight were formed from 
center to left. Those on the right moved to center. The troops from Raccoon were in full 
sight. If they intend to attack, my opinion is, it will be on our left. Both of their bridges 
are gone. 

(Signed) Gen. Stevenson. 

The troops from Raccoon referred to were Gen. Sherman's. From 
the summit of Lookout Mountain and from Missionary Ridge the move- 
ments of the Union army could easily be seen in the day time, but the 



Confederates seem to have been surprised by the coming of Generals Hooker 
and Sherman. In Gen. Longstreet's book, "From Manassas to Appom- 
attox," in the month of October he states: "Gen. Longstreet's command 
occupied Lookout Mountain and the left of the Confederate army. Alex- 
ander's batteries occupied the top of the mountain. Gen. Alexander man- 
aged to drop an occasional shell about the enemy's lines by lifting the trails 
of his guns, but the fire of other batteries was not effective." President 
Davis visited Gen. Bragg's army Oct. 9, and viewed Chattanooga from 
Lookout Mountain. We on Moccasin Point were informed of his presence 
and looked for him with our glasses. He seemed to have been much en- 
couraged by the view from Lookout rock and predicted that the town 
would soon be again in his possession with the Union army which sur- 
rounded it. The Union army was surrounded on every side but one by 
the Confederates, occupying fortified positions on summits which seemed 
naturally impregnable. The supplies of the army had to be hauled from 
Bridgeport over a wagon road through the Sequatchie valley, a hostile 
country, a distance of 60 miles, in some places exposed to sharpshooters 
and the guns fiom Lookout Mountain, and then must cross the Tennessee 
on a frail pontoon bridge. Gen. Longstreet had established a signal station 
in observation of Bridgeport. He writes: 

"On Oct. 27 the signal party reported the enemy advancing from 
Bridgeport in force, artillery and infantry, but the report was discredited at 
Gen. Bragg's headquarters. On Oct. 28 Gen. Bragg while laying his plans 
sitting on the point of Lookout rock, the battery from Moccasin Point threw 
a shell which exploded about two hundred feet below them. That angered 
Gen. Bragg and he ordered Gen. Alexander to drop some of his shells about 
the enemy's heads. As this little practice went on a dispatch messenger 
came bursting through the brushwood asking for Gen. Longstieet, and re- 
ported the enemy marching from Bridgeport along the base of the moun- 
tain, artillery and infantry. Gen. Bragg denied the report and rebuked the 
soldier, but the soldier said: 'General, if you will ride to a point on the west 
side of the mountain, I will show them to you.' They did so and saw' the 
11th and 12th corps under Gen. Hooker marching quietly along the valley 
towards Brown's Ferry. Gens. Bragg and Longstreet were surprised, but the 
latter was surprised because Gen. Hooker did not march along the mountain 
top instead of in the valley. They saw the enemy go into bivouac with 
the rear guard of about 1500 men about three miles in the rear and planned 
to capture it by a night attack." 

Gen. Hooker left Bridgeport Oct. 27, and marching up the river left 
Gen. Geary with the rear guard to protect Kelly's ford, and with the 
main body of his troops proceeded to the vicinity of Brown's Ferry, a few 
miles further up the river, where they went into camp. He wished to 
hold both fords of the river. A desperate attempt was made to cut off 
Gen. Geary in the night, but his men were not surprised and after a sharp 
fight drove the enemy back. Gens. Howard and Schurz were sent to the 
assistance of Geary and soon ran into the enemy, with whom they had 
a severe fight, driving him up the mountain and taking many prisoners. 
This was called the battle of Wauhatchie. The loss of Gen. Hooker was 
383 in killed and wounded. The loss of the Confederates Gen. Longstreet 
states was 408. 150 were found dead in front of Gen. Geary and over 
100 prisoners were taken. 



The capture of Brown's Ferry seems to have been a complete urprise. 
The night of Oct. 27 was dark and the pontoons for the new bridge, loaded 
with soldiers, which floated down the river from Chattanooga around 
Moccasin Point to the ferry, a distance of nine miles, were not perceived 
by the enemy until they reached the appointed place of landing, when the 
pickets fired a few shots and fled. Troops which had marched across 
Moccasin Point from Chattanooga were hurried across the river in the 
boats, and in a short time the defenses were strong enough to hold the new 
pontoon bridge, which was speedily completed. Communication by river 
was now open between Bridgeport and Chattanooga, so that supplies of 
provisions and stores were soon rushing to the army of the Cumberland. 
Although Lookout valley seemed now lost to the Confederates and Look- 
out Mountain was threatened, Gen. Bragg on Nov. 4 detached Gen. Long- 
street with 15,000 men to attack Knoxville. The situation of Gen. Burnside 
was precarious, as he was surrounded by the enemy and in more need of 
supplies than the army of the Cumberland. 

About 2 p.m. on Nov. 23, which was a cool and clear day, we noticed 
a long line of troops in front of Fort Wood on the east side of Chattanooga, 
as if for inspection or veview; but as soon as they commenced to move for- 
ward we concluded it was for a reconnoissance. This proved to be the 
case, as deserters had reported that many of Gen. Bragg's troops had 
gone away, some to intercept Gen. Sherman, who was thought to be ap- 
proaching by the way of Trenton and McLemore's Cove, Georgia, on their 
left. The reconnoissance was made by the division of Gen. Thos. J. Wood 
of the 4th corps, supported by Gen. Sheridan on the right and Gen. 
Howard on the left. It was soon ascertained that the Confederate in- 
trenchments were still occupied, but by a rapid movement of our troops 
they were carried with the capture of Orchard Knob, an important elevation 
between Port Wood and Missionary Ridge. The loss in Gen. Wood's 
division was 190 killed and wounded. He took 174 prisoners including 
eight officers and one stand of colors. The summit of Orchard Knob was 
immediately occupied by Bridge's battery of six guns, four 3-inch Rod- 
mans and two Napoleons. This advance was of great advantage to the 
Union Army and caused Gen. Bragg to transfer Walker's division from 
Lookout Mountain to sustain the right against what seemed to be a most 
threatening demonstration. 

During the 23d of November the pontoon bridge above Chattanooga 
parted, leaving Gen. Osterhaus' division on the north bank of the Tennessee; 
but as three of Gen. Sherman's divisions had already crossed, Gen. Grant 
directed not to delay operations any longer. Gen. Thomas then advised 
Gen. Hooker, if Gen. Osterhaus' division failed to cross, he should endeavor 
with it and his own troops to take the point of Lookout Mountain, and 
later he advised him that the mountain should be taken if a demonstration 
should develop its practicability. 

The morning of Nov. 24 was cool and cloudy, threatening rain. 
There was a cloud about the summit of the mountain, and at no time 
during the day was the top of the mountain clearly visible from Moccasin 
Point. A little before 10 a.m. heavy firing was heard on the west side 
of the mountain, gradually growing nearer. At 10.30 a.m. I received 
the following message from Lookout valley by the way of Chattanooga: — 



Commanding Officer Batteries on Moccasin Point: — Gen. Hooker desires that you 
will keep a sharp lookout on the eastern slope of the nose of Lookout Mountain. If any of 
the enemy's troops go up there, shell them. 

(Signed) D. Butterfield, Maj. Gen. and Chief of Staff. 

Not long after, suddenly, crowds of the enemy came rushing round 
the western point of the mountain and filled the trenches and earthworks 
on the northern slope close by. All the guns on Moccasin Point now opened 
a destructive fire. 

Gen. Hooker's command consisted of Gen. Geary's division of the 
12th corps, Gen. Osterhaus' division of the 15th, and two brigades of 
Gen. Cruft's division of the 4th corps. He had sent Geary's division 
and Whitaker's brigade of Cruft's division to Wauhatchie to cross 
Lookout creek and then to sweep down the right bank, to clear it of the 
enemy and cover the crossing of the remaining forces. He ordered Col. 
Grose to seize the common road bridge just below the railroad bridge 
crossing and repair it, and directed Gen. Charles R. Woods, then in command 
of Gen. Osterhaus' division, to move his division to Brown's Ferry under 
cover of the hills, to the crossing of Lookout creek and support the batteries; 
one, battery K, 1st Ohio artillery, on a high hill a little north of the stream; 
and the other battery K, 1st N. Y. artillery, on a hill to the rear of the 
other. At 8 a.m. Gen. Geary crossed Lookout creek, captured the enemy's 
pickets, and then ascended the mountain side until his right touched the 
base of the palisades. The fog which overhung the mountain top and upper 
steeps and the woods concealed the movement. Then with the right 
clinging to the palisades he swept round towards the mountain's point. 
Simultaneously with Gen. Geary's first movement, Col. Grose attacked 
the enemy at the bridge and having driven them back commenced to repair. 
The noise of the conflict called the enemy's nearest forces from their camps. 
One detachment advanced to the railroad embankment, which formed a 
good parapet and admitted a sweeping fire upon the Union troops ad- 
vancing from the bridge. To avoid loss of life in a direct advance, Gen. 
Hooker directed Gen. Osterhaus, now commanding his division, to send a 
brigade to prepare a crossing a half mile further up the creek under cover 
of the woods. At 11 a.m. the bridge was completed, and soon after Gen. 
Geary's division and Whitaker's brigade in line, sweeping the mountain 
from base to palisade, came abreast. The batteries then opened fire, and 
Woods and Grose crossed the creek and aligned their brigades on Geary's 
left as it swept down the valley. The troops of the enemy in the first 
positions that escaped the artillery fire ran into the infantry fines so quickly 
that overthrow occurred to all that had taken position in the valley and 
near the western base of the mountain. Many were killed and wounded 
and the remainder were captured. Then the line moved onwards towards 
the mountain's front. As the increasing roar of musketry indicated the 
sweep of the battle to the east, the anxiety for its revelation on the open 
ground became intense. Soon could be seen the routed enemy in rapid 
motion followed by Gen. Hooker's line with its right under the palisades. 
With a plunging fire from above and behind, they rolled up the enemy's 
lines and driving them from their intrenchments, did not halt until the 
middle of the open ground was gained. Here the enemy received rein- 
forcements and a more determined stand was made. 

Gen. Cruft had been ordered to move south along the western base of 
the mountain and charge up to the white house. Grose's brigade of his 



10 

division and Osterhaus' command, having gathered up the captured on the 
lower ground, closed on the lefl and then the enemy was driven from his de- 
fenses on t he open ground and retreated up the mountain toward the eastern 
slope. As ( ten. Cruft's troops charged the last line of intrenchments near the 
Craven house, the sun shone out for a few minutes and the battle flairs of 
both sides could he plainly seen from Moccasin Point. It was a thrilling sight. 
Gen. Hooker was greatly assisted by the batteries on Moccasin Point, which 
swept the northern face of the mountain, pouring shot and shell into the 
enemy's lines about the Craven house and the Summertown road. 
At 12.50 p.m. I received the following message: — 

Commanding Officer Moccasin Point: — Throw no more shells on this side of the 
mountaiu. You are throwing in the midst of our men. 

(Signed* HonKEit. 

1 immediately read the message to Capt. Naylor, wdio ordered his 
battery to cease firing. I asked him if he could see the enemy and our 
troops plainly, and he said he could. I then asked him if he was firing 
into our men, and he replied he was not. I then ran with the message to 
the commanding officer of the other battery to the right.who immediately 
ordered his battery to cease firing, and asked him the same questions. 
He denied that he was firing into our men or that he was firing on the west- 
ern side of the mountain. I had watched the firing of the batteries and 
did not believe that they were firing into our own troops or that any of the 
shells went on the western side of the mountain. I did not think that Gen. 
Thomas would believe it, and as my messages went through headquarters 
at Chattanooga, with the consent of Capt. Naylor, whom I considered the 
commanding officer on the Point at that time, at 1.18 p.m. I sent the 
following message to Gen. Hooker: — 

Capt. Naylor, Moccasin Point, say3 he can see the enemy's flank plainly and requests 
permission t:> tire at them. 

(Signed) Wood, Capt. and A. S. O. 

At 2.35 p.m. I received the following message from headquarters at 
Chattanooga. 

Wood- — Gen. Thomas directs that the batteries on Point open on the Summertown 
ro id immediately. 

(Signed) Merrill. 

Capt. Jesse Merrill was chief signal officer of the army of the Cumber- 
land on (Jen. Thomas' staff. About this time the mists descended on the 
mountain and the troops were hidden from view r and there was a little 
rain. It did not become clear again until nearly dark, so that the batteries 
did not begin firing again, but I read the message to the commanding 
officers of the batteries and we considered it a sufficient vindication that 
Gen. Thomas did not believe that they were firing into Gen. Hooker's men. 
The musketry firing continued in the fog and the enemy made a desperate 
stand behind a large rock to the left of the Craven house and in defending 
the Summertown road on the eastern side of the mountain. The heavy 
tiring ceased about 2 p.m. Geh. Hooker's troops had exhausted their 
ammunition and no ammunition trains could now reach them. At 5 p.m. 
Gen. Carlin's brigade of the 1st division 14th corps crossed Chattanooga 
creek near its mouth and ascended the mountain to Gen. Hooker's right. 
The troops of this brigade carri< d on their persons ammunition for Hooker's 

oishers in addition to their ordinary supply for themselves. As night 



11 

settled down the skirmishing continued very heavy, the flashes of the mus- 
kets on the side of the mountain presenting a brilliant sight to the spec- 
tators. Under cover of the skirmishing the mountain was evacuated and 
in the morning there were no troops to be seen on the northern slope. The 
weather was a little foggy, but as it gradually cleared, a line of troops with- 
out colors displayed could be seen in the valley through an opening in the 
trees, marching towards Missionary Ridge. Not being able to distinguish 
whether they were the enemy's or our own, at 9.30 a.m. Nov. 25 I sent the 
following message to Capt. Jesse Merrill at army headquarters: — 

Can see a long line of infantry on ridge beyond Chattanooga creek a little east of South- 
Are they our troops? 

Not receiving an answer very promptly, I left a man to watch the station 
on Cameron Hill with my marine glass, and unfastening my telescope from 
the stake to which it was attached, hastened to the guns on the point, and 
looking through it could see plainly by the gray and jean uniforms, the 
slouched hats and the furled colors,that the troops were Confederates, and 
asked Lt. Crosby to look at them and if he thought he could reach them, 
but he said that he could not train his guns upon them. At 10.10 a.m. I 
sent the following message to Capt. Leonard: — 

Fifty degrees east of south and about two miles distant, a heavy column of rebels march- 
ing towards Mission Ridge. 

Shortly after I received this answer to my message to Capt. Merrill: — 

I do not know. 

Some daring soldiers of the 8th Kentucky were the first to scale the 
palisades and unfurl the national flag on the summit of Lookout Mountain. 
As the fog lifted it soon became apparent that the left flank of the enemy 
had been turned and the forces which held the mountain had been trans- 
ferred to Missionary Ridge. In this battle Gen. Hooker had two divisions 
and two brigades, seven brigades in all of 9680 men, and in the evening 
was reinforced by the brigade of Gen. Carlin, three regiments of which were 
engaged. Gen. Stevenson, the Confederate general, commanded two divi- 
sions of six brigades on the mountain, and another brigade was sent to rein- 
force him but too late to be of any value. He reports that only four of 
his brigades were in action. The casualties in a few of the regiments under 
Gen. Hooker were not reported until after the fighting at Ringgold and 
Graysville, when the total was given for the four days; but the loss at 
Lookout Mountain was about 75 killed and 375 wounded, a total of 
450. The loss of the enemy in killed and wounded was about' the same 
and Gen. Hooker captured between 2000 and 3000 prisoners, five stand of 
colors, two pieces of artillery and 5000 muskets, and 20,000 rations and 
camp and garrison equipage for three brigades were abandoned on the 
summit of the mountain. 

Owing to bad weather and roads Gen. Sherman had been delayed in 
crossing the Tennessee. Gen. Howard's corps had been detached from 
Gen. Hooker and was formed in close column north and west of Fort Wood 
Nov. 23. The 4th and 14th corps extended from Citico creek north of 
Chattanooga around Forts Wood aud Negley, and Academy and Cameron 
Hills. On the morning of the 24th Gen. Sherman was crossing the river 
above Chattanooga. The utmost efforts had been made by Gen. W. F. 
Smith to provide the pontoon bridges for Gen. Sherman's troops to cross 



12 

the river near the mouth of Chickamauga creek to attack the enemy's 
right flank. The river at the point selected for the crossing was 1300 feet 
wide, and two bridges were proposed, and one also for the mouth of South 
Chickamauga ISO feet in length. As it was expected that the enemy would 
contest the passage every precaution had been taken to keep the projected 
bridges a profound secret. The pontoons had been hauled on by-roads 
on the north side of the Tennessee to the North Chickamauga creek, eight 
miles above Chattanooga, and there launched and concealed, in readiness 
to be floated down to the place of crossing. At midnight on Nov. 23d, 116 
boats with a brigade left the North Chickamauga and floated quietly to the 
place of crossing. They were landed above and below the mouth of South 
Chickamauga and were first used to transport troops from the opposite 
shore. By daylight two divisions were over and the construction of the 
bridge was under vigorous prosecution. The steamer Dunbar from Chatta- 
nooga, which had been captured in a disabled condition and repaired by our 
soldiers, was also of great assistance in transporting the troops, especially 
as on account of the rise in the river from heavy rains, more pontoons 
were needed and but one bridge could be thrown. Just as the last boat was 
connected Gen. Howard with one brigade of infantry and a small cavalry 
escort arrived from Chattanooga without having met with any resistance. 
Leaving his brigade to skirmish on the right of Gen. Sherman's advance at 
his request, he returned to Chattanooga with his escort. The bridge was 
finished at 11 a.m., and at 1 p.m. Gen. Sherman moved forward with three 
divisions in echelon. He met with no serious resistance and at 4 p.m. occu- 
pied the two northern summits of Missionary Ridge. There was still one 
summit between Gen. Sherman and the tunnel. Gen. Grant had expected 
that he would carry the ridge to the tunnel before the enemy could concen- 
trate against him; but the intervening hill was the one upon which Gen. 
Bragg's right flank rested. The crest of Missionary Ridge is divided into 
distinct summits throughout its whole length by numerous depressions. 
The deepest of these between the Tennessee river and Rossville separates 
the second summit, which Gen. Sherman had gained from the third, which 
was the strongest position for lateral defense within Gen. Bragg's lines. 
Here Gen. Cleburne's famous division was placed. Heavy barricades 
constructed of logs and earth, covered the troops on the first defensive line, 
while the higher ground to the south gave room for successive supporting 
columns. A somewhat thickly planted forest gave additional protection 
to the enemy. It was the strength of this position that induced Gen. 
Bragg to yield the first two hills to Gen. Sherman. Their abandonment 
shortened his line while the depression on his right and the slopes east and 
west placed his enemy under his guns on every practicable line of attack. 
Gen. Bragg now had his entire army on the ridge. Cleburne's and Gist's 
divisions were on the extreme right opposed to Gen. Sherman, his left was 
held by Stewart's division, his center by Breckenridge's division and por- 
tions of the commands of Buckner and Hindman under Gen. Anderson, 
and the divisions of Cheatham and Stevenson from Lookout Mountain 
were in motion toward the right. Gen. Sherman opened the battle of Nov. 
25 soon after sunrise by the advance of Gen. Corse's brigade from the 
right center. Gen. Corse moved down the southern slope of the second hill 
gained the night before and under a destructive fire ascended towards 
Cleburne's fortified position. He gained a lateral elevation about eighty 



13 

yards distant from the enemy's defenses and held it firmly. Advancing 
repeatedly from this position he was as often driven back and in turn re- 
pulsed every attack of the enemy. In the meantime Gen. Morgan L. 
Smith's division advanced along the eastern base of the hill and Loomis' 
brigade supporting Corse on the left was sustained by the two reserve bri- 
gades of Gen. John E. Smith's division. Gen. Morgan L. Smith pressed 
his attack to the enemy's works but gained no permanent lodgement. The 
character and issue of this contest was observed by Gen. Grant from 
Orchard Knob. 

Pending Gen. Sherman's series of attacks there had been some ac- 
tivity on the right flank of the Union army. Early in the morning Gen. 
Thomas had directed Gen. Hooker to move with his forces except two 
regiments to hold the mountain on the road to Rossville. Later he had 
ordered him to advance upon the enemy's works in conjunction with the 
14th corps under Gen. Palmer. Gen. Hooker advanced rapidly to Chatta- 
nooga creek, but was there delayed to restore a bridge which the enemy had 
destroyed in his retreat from the mountain. It was evident from the im- 
portance of the position that Gen. Bragg would maintain his right if possible. 
Gen. Sherman was threatening not only to turn that flank, but was also 
menacing his rear and his depot of supplies at Chickamauga station. In 
the mean time Gen. Hooker had attained position on the enemy's left flank 
which caused him to retreat to Rossville. Gen. Hooker then disposed his 
troops to sweep Missionary Ridge toward the north. He directed Gen. 
Osterhaus to cross to the east side, Gen. Cruft to advance on the summit 
and Gen. Geary on the western slope and edge of the valley. Gen. Grant 
had waited for Gen. Sherman's success in turning the enemy's right flank 
since early morning, and during the afternoon he had waited for Gen. 
Hooker to engage his left. The day was now nearly gone and some new 
measure was necessary or the sun would set with Gen. Bragg in possession 
of Missionary Ridge. Four divisions were in front of Gen. Bragg's center, 
now held by less than four divisions, as a portion of Stewart's on the ex- 
treme left, under the direction of Gen. Breckenridge.had been sent against 
Gen. Hooker. From 11 a.m. until after 3 p.m. Confederate troops were 
plainly seen on the crest of the ridge marching past Gen. Bragg's head- 
quarters to reinforce his right. In order to relieve the pressure on Gen. 
Sherman, Gen. Grant ordered Gen. Thomas to advance with the army of 
the Cumberland and attack Gen. Bragg's center. The order required that 
the enemy should be dislodged from the rifle-pits and intrenchments at the 
base of Missionary Ridge. His four divisions from right to left were John- 
son's, Sheridan's, Woods' and Baird's, consisting of eleven brigades of 
about 20,000 men. Two lines of skirmishers covered the battle front and 
such troops as were designated as reserves were massed in rear of their 
respective organizations. Gen. Thomas' line was more than a mile long. 
Most of the houses between the lines had been destroyed and the trees cut 
down and used for fuel. To the east and south of Fort Wood the plain was 
barren. At five minutes past 4 p.m. six successive cannon shots from the 
battery on Orchard Knob gave the signal for the advance. At the sixth 
discharge the line moved forward in splendid array with colors flying and 
bayonets fixed. The batteries of the enemy on the ridge immediately 
opened upon them with great activity. Gen. Brannan's heavy guns in 
Forts Wood, Negley, Sheridan and Rosseau and four light batteries on the 



14 

intermediate hills gave emphatic response. Their fire was at first directed 
to the enemy's inferior intrenchments, and when that endangered the ad- 
vancing lines, their missiles were thrown upon the summit of Missionary 
Ridge. T1h> change of direction was soon necessary, as the troops in rapid 
movement first met the enemy's pickets and their reserves, and then his 
stronger line in his lower intrenchments, and drove all in confusion to the 
crest of the ridge. The advance of the Union troops had been so rapid that 
the forces which had so often repeated their furious assaults at Chick- 
amauga lost courage and made no soldierly efforts to maintain their posi- 
tions, though supported by at least fifty guns which at short range were 
fast decimating the assaulting columns. Having executed their orders 
holding the enemy's lower defenses, the four divisions stood under his 
batteries while the troops they had routed threw themselves behind the 
stronger intrenchments on the summit. To stand still was death, to fall 
back was not compassed by orders and was forbidden by every impulse of 
the brave men who with no stragglers had moved so boldly and so success- 
fully upon the foe. 

.Missionary Ridge rises to a height of between 400 and 500 feet. 
The trees had been cut down and the slope was rough and uneven, in 
places rocky and covered with trunks and stumps of trees. There were 
rifle-pits half way up and just below the crest a strong line of intrenchments. 
While looking through my telescope at the lower line almost directly in 
front of Gen. Bragg's headquarters, in less than a minute after they had 
been taken and before the enemy who were driven out had reached the 
crest, I saw a few of our men start up the hill in pursuit. The movement 
ex I ended first to the left and afterwards to the right. I exclaimed, "They 
are going up the hill, may God help them," and some one standing near by 
said, "Amen." We did not expect it and it looked like a forlorn hope. 
The cannonade was terrific. Sometimes our men would halt for a few 
seconds until others came up, but none went back. The enthusiasm spread 
and our men kept advancing,inclining a little to the right, taking advantage 
of what cover there was or stopping to reload, though there was not much 
firing on their part. During the assault a caisson on the crest a little to 
the north of Gen. Bragg's headquarters was struck by a shell, probably 
from Fort Wood, and exploded with great effect, a column of smoke rising 
high in the air; and not long after another exploded further to the north 
in a similar manner. Just before our line of troops appeared on the crest 
I saw a group of men run a gun from the intrenchment to the top of the 
ridge, fire it to the south along the line of intrenchments and then turn it 
around and fire it at the fleeing enemy on the other side of the ridge. Capt. 
McMahon of the 41st Ohio writes: "His regiment was on the right of the 
first line of Gen. Hazen's brigade. The right company of the regiment 
captured a section of artillery on the crest, turned the guns, enfiladed the 
crest and drove the enemy in Gen. Sheridan's front into a precipitate re- 
treat." In a few moments more the crest of the ridge was occupied all 
along the front of the army of the Cumberland and Gen. Bragg's center 
was routed. Gen. Hooker soon after swept the ridge northward from 
Rossville connecting with Gen. Johnson's right. Gen. Hardee's forces 
opposite Gen. Sherman alone maintained their position. From Gen. Bragg's 
own declaration and from the observation of those occupying elevated 
positions, there is no room to doubt that Gen. Thomas J. Wood's division 



15 

first reached the summit.* Gen. Sheridan's and Gen. Baird's, on the right 
and left, very soon after gained the crest. Gen. Wood's troops enfiladed 
the enemy's line to the right and left as soon as they broke through it. 
Many isolated contests were conducted with spirit by the enemy but the 
fragments of his line were speedily brushed away. 

About 6 p.m. I saw a signal flag on a hill in Chattanooga valley near 
the ridge calling my station, and answering the call received the following 
message which I forwarded to the Cameron Hill station. 

Gen. Thomas: — I think we have got them, but I want a battery. 

(Signed) Gen. Granger. 

The impulse to carry the summit of the ridge was seemingly sponta- 
neous and from different points several brigades passed beyond the limit 
fixed by Gen. Grant's order before there was any concerted action toward 
a general assault. Gens. Bragg, Hardee, Breckenridge and others of 
inferior rank exerted themselves to prevent defeat, and Gen. Bragg was 
nearly surrounded before he entirely despaired and abandoned the field. 
Gen. Breckenridge resisted Gen. Hooker as he ascended the ridge at Ross- 
ville, availing himself of the intrenchments which had been constructed by 
the Union army after the battle of Chickamauga. His first resistance was 
quickly overcome by Grose's brigade. Gen. Cruft's division was then 
formed in four lines on the summit, and with the lateral division abreast 
moved rapidly forward, driving the enemy in turn from several positions. 
Many of his troops that fled east or west were captured by Osterhaus or 
Geary, and those who tried to escape northward fell into Johnson's hands. 
As soon as Gen. Hardee heard the noise of battle to his left he hastened to 
join his troops under Gen. Anderson on the right of their central line, but 
before he could cross the chasm corresponding to the interval between Gen. 
Sherman's right and Gen. Thomas' left, Anderson's command was thrown 
into a confused retreat. He then hurried Cheatham's division from the 
vicinity of the tunnel and formed it across the summit to resist Baird's 
division which had advanced northward after carrying its entire front in 
the assault. In a severe contest in which Col. Phelps, a brigade commander, 
fell, Gen. Baird pressed this fresh division northward from several knolls, 
but was finally compelled to abandon the conflict by the peculiar strength 
of a new position and the approach of darkness. The victory was gained 
too late in the day for a general pursuit. Gen. Sheridan's division and 
Willich's brigade of Wood's division pursued the enemy for a short distance 
down the eastern slope. Later Gen. Sheridan advanced and drove the 
enemy from a strong position, captured two pieces of artillery, numerous 
small arms and several wagons from a supply train. Darkness was now 
fast coming on and the pursuit could no longer be continued, so the troops 
bivouacked on the ridge for the night. Gen. Cleburne on Gen. Bragg's 
right had been able to hold the bridge over the Chickamauga on his right 
and when night fell Gen. Hardee withdrew his troops from the position 
which was so persistently held against Gen. Sherman, saving his arms and 
material. 

Now that Gen. Bragg had been defeated, Gen. Grant, who had been 
very anxious about Gen. Burnside, gave attention equally to the pursuit 



♦According to Confederate testimony, which in this case is impartial, the light of Willich's 
and left of Hazen's brigades. Wood's Division, were the first Union troops to reach the crest 
of the ridge. (See Obituary of Gen. Thos. J. Wood, Thirty-Fourth Reunion, Society of 
the Army of the Cumberland, October, 1906, page 98.) 



16 

of the routed enemy and the relief of Knoxville; and during the evening 
of the 25th gave orders to Gen. Thomas to recall the 4th corps t<> prepare 
for forced marches to Knoxville, and in conjunction with Gen. Sherman to 
pursue the enemy with his available troops. Accordingly Gen. Thomas 
ordered Wood's and Sheridan's divisions to return to Chattanooga and 
Gens. Hooker and Palmer, the latter with two divisions, to move in pursuit 
of the enemy. The generals moved on the morning of the 26th, Hooker 
leading. The troops were delayed at West Chickamauga and Peavine 
creek, where bridges had to be constructed. At 9 p.m. the enemy was over- 
taken near Graysville, and on being attacked by Stoughton's brigade fled 
in all directions. At 11 p.m. the enemy was again attacked and one gun 
and a number of prisoners taken. 

On the following day the columns advanced to Ringgold, where a stand 
was made. Gen. Hooker was without artillery, but he determined to feel 
the enemy at once. The skirmish line was driven back upon the main line 
and the exact position of a battery was ascertained. The endeavor to pick 
off the gunners provoked the enemy to advance against Gen. C. R. 
Woods' line. His skirmishers fell back and the main line repulsed the 
enemy handsomely and followed them into a gorge. Cleburne's divi- 
sion was engaged and its dead and wounded were abandoned as it gave 
ground. The enemy having been developed in force in a strong position, 
troops were moved to support those who had been engaged and the 
action was arrested in waiting for the artillery. Between 12 and 1 p.m. 
the guns came upon the field and were put in position and the dispositions 
were made to renew the attack ; but the enemy having succeeded in delay- 
ing pursuit withdrew, attempting to burn the bridges beyond the town. 
He was so closely followed, however, that the bridges were saved. Gen. 
Grant having reached the field gave orders to discontinue the pursuit, but 
in the afternoon Col. Grose was sent forward with his brigade to Tunnel 
Hill. Grose soon encountered the enemy's cavalry and drove them upon 
the infantry. Ascertaining that there was a strong column in a strong 
position, he returned to Ringgold. Gen. Hooker lost according to his re- 
port 65 killed and 377 wounded. Col. Creighton and several officers fell. 
The enemy left 130 dead on the field and 230 as prisoners; his wounded was 
not known. 

Very early in the morning of Nov. 26 Gen. Davis was ordered by 
Gen. Sherman to cross his division on the pontoon bridge at the mouth of 
the Chickamauga and pursue the enemy, and Gen. Howard was ordered to 
repair a bridge two miles up the creek and follow. Davis in advance 
reached Chickamauga Station at 11 a.m., in time to witness the burning of 
the depot building and the greater portion of the supplies. A short dis- 
tance beyond, the enemy was found partially intrenched, but was speedily 
forced to retreat. He was pursued and overtaken at dark, when a sharp 
conflict ensued, but the darkness covered his escape. In the morning Davis 
reached Graysville and found himself in the rear of Hooker's command. 
Gen. Howard advanced through Parker's Gap further east and detached a 
column to destroy railroad communication between Bragg and Longstreet. 
These movements terminated the pursuit of the enemy. 

Gen. Burnside's condition was very critical and Gen. Grant deemed 
his relief of more importance than the pursuit of Bragg. He therefore 
directed Gen. Sherman to give his troops a rest of one day before starting 



17 

to aise the siege of Knoxville. In addition to his own three divisions Gen. 
Grant gave him Howard's and Granger's corps and Davis' division of the 
14th corps. Gen. Hooker was ordered to remain at Ringgold until Nov. 
30, to cover Gen. Sherman's movement towards Knoxville and keep up 
the semblance of pursuit. 

It is probable that Gen. Grant had 60,000 men in action in the battle 
of Chattanooga, and Gen. Bragg 40,000. The former had thirteen divisions 
including two detached brigades, and the latter had eight divisions. Gen. 
Bragg's loss in killed and wounded was between 2500 and 3000 men. He 
lost by capture 6142 men, forty-two guns, sixty-nine gun carriages, and 
7000 stand of small arms. His loss in material was immense, part of which 
he destroyed in his flight, but a large portion which was uninjured fell to 
the Union army The aggregate losses of the armies of the Cumberland 
and Tennessee were 753 killed, 4722 wounded, and 349 missing, making a 
total of 5824. These losses were small compared with those of other 
battles of similar proportions, and very small in view of the fact that the 
enemy generally fought behind intrenchments. 

Chattanooga was a very important position for defense or aggression. 
Fortified on its outer lines by ranges of mountains, after the battle of Chick- 
amauga it had been made strong by intrenchments, forts and redoubts, 
and heavy guns. Situated at the confluence of several streams and diverg- 
ing valleys, and especially as the gateway of Georgia,it was the natural base 
for an invasion of the Gulf states from the north. This position had been 
the objective point of the army of the Cumberland for a long time, and as 
a result of a battle compassing all the elements of the most brilliant war- 
fare, it fell into its possession when the troops reached the crest of Mission- 
ary Ridge. The issue of the battle produced a startling surprise through- 
out the South. Gen. Bragg had said that the Ridge ought to have been 
held by a skirmish line against an assaulting column, but no skirmish line 
could have held Missionary Ridge against even a portion of the brave men 
who clashed up its steep acclivity. The moral forces were with the assault- 
ing columns. The battle had been opened by the splendid charge of Wood's 
division capturing Orchard Knob, and Lookout Mountain had been wrested 
from the enemy by Gen. Hooker in such a way as to change the martial 
tone of each army. Those assaulting Missionary Ridge had Chickamauga 
to avenge and Lookout Mountain to surpass, and the firm and resolute 
sweep of the charging column for more than a mile expressed in advance 
the resistless character of the attack. When fifty battle flags forming the 
foremost line approached the crest, the Confederate soldiers knew that they 
would wave over their defenses or those who bore them, and many of the 
20,000 men who followed would fall. The men who fled had proved them- 
selves brave on other fields and were perhaps less to blame than their im- 
passive general, who had failed to perceive the ruling conditions of the battle. 
The loss of more than 20 per cent in the two central divisions in a contest 
of less than an hour shows that the enemy did not yield his position with- 
out a struggle. There was a panic, but its cause was not mere fear but 
the overwhelming impression that resistance was useless. 

The battle of Chickamauga was fought on Sept. 19 and 20, 1863. 
After the battle of Chattanooga it was found that many of the Union dead 
were left unburied on the field of Chickamauga, and on Nov. 27 the bri- 



gade of Col. Win. Grose of the 4th corps was detailed to proceed to that 
field and bury the dead. Col. Grose found that on the left of the line the 
dead had not been sufficiently covered, that toward the center and right 
U>w of our dead were covered at all, and that west of the road from Lee and 
Gordon's mills to Rossville but few burials had been made of either party. 
All good clothing had been stripped from the bodies. He buried 400 which 
had been the prey of animals for more than two months. He had not time 
to examine the entire field. 

The first permanent National Cemetery for soldiers established by 
military order was the one founded by Gen. Geo. H. Thomas near Chatta- 
nooga. During the battle a reserve force, in line over a hill near the field 
position of Gen. Thomas,revealed its beautiful contour and suggested its use 
as a National Cemetery. This hill is located equidistant from Cameron 
Hill, which rises abruptly from the Tennessee river where it turns towards 
Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge in the east, and is central between 
Gen. Hooker's point of attack on the mountain and Gen. Sherman's on 
the northern summit of Missionary Ridge. During the war it was known 
as Bushey Knob. 

On Dec. 25, 1863, Gen. Thomas issued a general order of which the 
following is an extract: — 

(General, Orders No. 296} 
" It is ordered that a National Cemetery be founded at this place, in commemoration of the 
battle of Chattanooga fought Nov. 23, 24, 25, 26 and 27, and to provide a proper resting place 
for the remains of the brave men who fell upon the fields fought over upon those days, and 
for the remains of such as may hereafter give up their lives in this region in defending their 
country against treason and rebellion." 

The ground selected for the cemetery is the hill lying beyond the 
Western and Atlantic railroad, in a southeasterly direction from the town. 
The reservation consists of 128 acres. The cemetery proper comprises the 
entire hill with an area of seventy five and one-half acres surrounded by a 
stone wall. The summit of the hill is eighty-three feet above the level of 
the base. Since the war forest trees two feet and over in diameter cover 
the ground. The number of soldiers interred here up to April, 1903, was 
13,364, and of this number 8394 are known and 4970 unknown. The dead 
of Chickamauga, some 2000, were removed to this cemetery soon after the 
Union army gained possession of the field. Of these 154 were identified 
and the balance unknown. Each grave has a headstone which gives when 
known the name, rank and state, but when unknown the number of the 
grave only. Quite a number of private headstones have been erected but 
the only large monuments are the Ohio monument to the Andrews Raiders 
and that of the Fourth Army Corps. The Andrews monument consists 
of several blocks of granite surmounted by a bronze locomotive, a peculiar 
emblem of peace amid so many signs of war, but this monument commem- 
orates the names of a few brave men who lost their lives for taking part in a 
very daring though unsuccessful raid within tin- enemy's lines. 

The entrance to the cemetery has a handsome arch erected by the 
Government. The grounds have been adorned and made beautiful with 
trees, shrubs and flowes, and are carefully kept by the superintendent. 
Few cities add to such wealth of scenic and historic attractions such a site 
in the midst of the highways of trade as Chattanooga, such store of coal, 
iron and timber, such busy industry. The first charter of the town was 
given Dec. 20, 1839. By the second charter passed in November, 1851, the 
town became officially the city of Chattanooga. In the spring of 1862 the 



19 

city was occupied by the Confederates. On the 21st of August, 1863, a few 
shells from Wilder's guns on Stringers Ridge on the north side of the Ten- 
nessee came into the city, and on the 19th of September the last troopers 
in gray rode out and the men in blue came in, and the stars and stripes went 
up on the Crutchfield House. By the census of 1860 Chattanooga had a 
population of 2545. At the close of the Civil War there was less than that 
number, which soon grew by the return of refugees and by the addition of 
new citizens. The geographical situation attracted new railroads, among 
them the Alabama Great Southern ; Central Georgia; Chattanooga Southern ; 
Cincinnati Southern; Southern Railway, Memphis, Knoxville and Atlanta 
Divisions; Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis; and Western and Atlantic. 
The Tennessee river is navigable from Knoxville to its junction with the 
Ohio at Paducah in Western Kentucky. The population in 1905 including 
suburbs was estimated from 64,000 to 70,000. The city has six libraries, the 
Public Library being a Carnegie building. It contains two hospitals and 
five homes for the needy. It has 111 church organizations, seven banking 
institutions, and 258 factories, employing in 1904, 10,487 hands. 

In the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park many 
grand and beautiful monuments have been erected by several of the states 
of the North and South in honor of their fallen soldiers. The Park contains 
6965 acres, mostly at Chickamauga, but also at Orchard Knob, at different 
points on Missionary Ridge, at the battlefield on the slope of Lookout 
Mountain, at the Point Park on the summit, in Lookout valley and at 
Ringgold, Georgia. It contains one of the finest cavalry posts in the United 
States: Fort Oglethorpe. The improved roads in the Park are eighty miles 
in extent On the Chickamauga battlefield are 170 monuments erected by 
different states and 323 markers, and in the National Park outside of this 
battlefield 51 monuments and 113 markers, among these seven monu- 
ments by the state of New York. Besides these there are many shell and 
marble monuments erected by military organizations and private individ- 
uals. In addition fifty-five Union batteries with 135 guns, and s/xty Con- 
federate batteries with 141 guns have been mounted, some of them outside 
the Park. All the Confederate batteries which were faced in storming 
Missionary Ridge are again in posit'on. 

Point Park on the summit of Lookout Mountain includes eleven and 
eight-tenths acres and here are placed cannon of the Confederate artillery 
of the war time. In this Park the state of New York is erecting a monu- 
ment which will be the largest and most costly of any in the National Park. 
It is to be of granite and bronze, rising to the height of about 100 feet, the 
lower part in the form of a Grecian temple. On its tablets will be inform- 
ation about both armies. On a clear day seven states are within the range of 
vision from Point Rock ; Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee are close at hand, 
to the east are the mountains of North and South Carolina, and to he norih 
the mountains about Cumberland Gap in Kentucky and Virginia. The 
fine monument erected on Orchard Knob by the state of Maryland is dedi- 
cated to the memory of her sons of the Blue and the Gray. The beautiful 
monument in Chickamauga Park near the La Fayette road, erected by the 
state of Kentucky in memory of her sons of both armies who fell on that 
field, bears these patriotic words: "As we are united in life and they united 
in death, let one monument perpetuate their deeds, and one people forget- 
ful of all asperities forever hold in grateful remembrance all the glories of 



20 

that terrible conflict which made all men free and retained every star in the 
Nation's flag." 

The neighing steed, the Bashing blade, 

The trumpet's stirring blast, 
The charge, the d eadful cannonade, 

The din and shout are past; 
No Avar's wild note, nor glory's peal, 

Shall thrill with fierce delight 
Those breasts that nevermore shall feel 

The rapture of the fight. 

Yon marble minstrel's voiceless stone 

In deathless songs shall tell, 
When many a vanished age hath flown. 

The story how ye fell; 
Nor wreck, nor change, nor winter's blight, 

Nor Time's remorseless doom, 
Shall dim one ray of holy light 

That gilds your glorious tomb. 

Many brave and gallant generals of the Civil War took part in the 
battle of Chattanooga. On the side of the Union we might mention the 
names df Generals Grant, Sherman, Thomas, Hooker, Granger, Palmer, 
Howard, Slocum, Geary, J. J. Reynolds, W. F. Smith. Butterfield, Cruft, 
T. J. Wood, Sheridan, Davis, Baird, Johnson, M. L. Smith, J. E. Smith, 
Osterhaus, Brannan, Corse, C. R. Woods, Loomis, Beatty, Hark r, Ilazcn, 
Wagner, Willich, Von Steinwehr, Ruger, Turchin, D. McCook and Rosseau; 
and among the Confederate Generals, Bragg, Hardee, Brcckenridge, Cle- 
burne, Hindman, Buckner, Stewart, Cheatham, Walker, Stevenson, Arm- 
strong, Jackson. Anderson. Walthall, Wright. Moore. Polk, Gist, Vaughan, 
Reynolds. Adams, Bate, dimming, Clayton, Brown, Pettus, Strahl, Lewis, 
Wade, Grigsby, Lidell, Stowell, M. Smith, Manigault and Tyler. 

To Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, to whom all plans were submit ted, upon 
whom rested the greatest responsibility, and who gave the final and deci- 
sive orders, should be given the greatest credit for the victory; but I should 
like to say a few words in honor of another great general who took a prom- 
inent, part in this battle and whose presence gave promise of success. 
I refer to Maj.-Gen. George H. Thomas. Gen. Thomas was of Welsh and 
English descent on his father's side, and French Huguenot on his mother's. 
His ancestors settled in southeastern Virginia in the early days of that 
colony. He was born in Southampton county on the 31st of July, 1810, in a 
happy country home. He entered West Point in 1830 and graduated in 
1840, the L2th in a class of forty-two. He was assigned to the 3d Artillery. 
He served in the Florida War 1840-42, the Mexican War 1840-48 and the 
Seminole War 1849-50; was instructor of artillery and cavalry at West 
Point 1851-1854 and on frontier duty in Texas and California in 1800. He 
was brevetted several tim< s for gallant and met itorious conduct, and in is,").") 
was made a major in the 2d Cavalry, which he commanded for three years. 
He w r as wounded in a fight with the Indians at the head waters of the Brazos 
river in August, 1800, and on the following November was east on leave of 



21 

absence. Three-fourths of the officers of his regiment were from the slave 
States. Albert Sidney Johnston was its colonel, Robert E. Lee lieut.- 
colonel, and W. J. Hardee the senior major. Among the captains and lieu- 
tenants were Van Dorn, Kirby Smith, Jenifers, Hood and Fitzhugh Lee. 
More than one-third of its officers became Confederate generals. Social 
and family influences bound Gen. Thomas to his native state, but his wife 
was a patriotic Northern lady. Gen. Thomas never wavered in his loyalty 
to the government, and when the first gun was 'fired on Fort Sumter he 
relinquished "the remainder of his leave of absence and reported for duty at 
Carlisle Barracks, Pa., on the 14th of April, 1861. With but two exceptions 
all the officers of the 2d Cavalry from the seceded states joined the rebel- 
lion. Thomas was one of the two. His family, friends, and State sum- 
moned him to join the South. He answered by leaving Carlisle Barracks 
on May 27 and leading a brigade from Chambersburg across Maryland to 
Williamsport, and on June 16 rode across the Potomac to invade Virginia 
and fight his old commanders. A few days later he led the right wing of 
Gen. Patterson's army in the battle of Falling Waters, where the rebels 
under Stonewall Jackson were defeated. The fame of Gen. Thomas as a 
soldier is linked forever with the history of the army of the Cumberland. 
In 1861 he organized and mustered in its first brigade, and in 1865 at Nash- 
ville, the scene of his greatest victory, he passed in farewell review and 
mustered out of the service more than 130,000 of its war-worn veterans. 

During the Civil War the army of the Cumberland held the center of 
the line,which was in many respects the most difficult of all. From the 
30th of November, 1861, to 30th of September, 1862, Gen. Thomas com- 
manded a division of Gen. Buell's army. He won the battle of Mill Springs 
on Jan. 19, 1862, which was the most important military success that had 
yet been achieved west of Virginia, On the 30th of September, 1862, he 
was appointed second in command of the army of the Ohio, and served as 
such until after the battle of Perry ville. Gen. Kosecrans, who succeeded 
Gen. Buell, reorganized the army then known as the 14th Corps into three 
distinct commands, right, left, and center, and assigned Gen. Thomas to 
the center, which consisted of five divisions. He held this command in the 
battle of Stone River, and until Jan. 9, 1863, when by order of the War 
Department three divisions of the army were made army corps. One of 
them, the 14th, Gen. Thomas commanded during the campaigns of Middle 
Tennessee and Chickamauga, which resulted in driving the Confederates 
beyond the Tennessee and gaining possession of Chattanooga. On the 
19th of October, 1863, in obedience to orders from the War Department, 
he relieved Gen. Rosecrans and assumed command of the Army of the 
Cumberland. Soon afterward two other armies, Sherman's and Hooker's, 
were brought to Chattanooga, the three forming a grand army under Gen. 
Grant. The army of the Cumberland, consisting of four corps, formed the 
center and right of the grand army. In this position Gen. Thomas com- 
manded it at the storming of Missionary Ridge. 

On Sept. 27, 1864, Gen. Thomas was ordered to Tennessee to protect 
the department against the invasion of Hood. While in this command he 
conducted the operations which resulted in the combats along the Duck 
river, the battle of Franklin Nov. 30, and the battle of Nashville and de- 
struction of Hood's army on Dec. 15 and 16,1864, and finally the capture of 
Jefferson Davis in May, 1865. From June, 1865 to May,1869 he commanded 



most of the territory which had been the theatre of bis service (luring the 
war. On the loth of May, 1S6(», he started for San Francisco, where he 
remained in command of the Military Division of the Pacific until the date 
of his death March 28, 1870. He was appointed-brigadier general of 
volunteers Aug. 17, 1861, major-general of volunteers April 25, 1862; 
Brigadier Genera] in the Regular Army Oct, 27. 1863, and Major General 
Dec. 15, 1864. His career w r as not only great and complete, but, what is 
more significant, was in an eminent degree the work of his own hands. It 
was not the result of accident or chance. Every step was marked by the 
most loyal and unhesitating obedience to law — to the laws of his govern- 
ment and the commands of his superiors. His influence over his troops 
grew steadily and constantly. He gradually filled them with his own spirit, 
until their confidence in him knew no bounds. It was reserved for the 
last day of Chickamauga to exhibit in one supreme example the vast 
sources of his great strength. After a day of heavy fighting and a night of 
anxious preparation, Gen. Rosecrans had established his lines for the pur- 
pose of holding the road to Chattanooga. If our army failed to hold it, 
not only was the campaign a failure but the army was in danger of destruc- 
tion. Gen. Thomas commanded the left and center of our army. From 
early morning he withstood the furious and repeated attacks of the enemy, 
who constantly reinforced his assaults on our left. About noon the whole 
right wing was broken and driven from the field. Gen. Rosecrans was him- 
self swept away in the tide of retreat. The forces of Longstreet, which had 
broken our right, now forming in heavy columns assaulted the right flank 
of Thomas with fury. Seeing the approaching danger he threw back his 
exposed flank and met the new peril. With but 25,000 men formed in a 
semi-circle, of which he himself was the center and soul, he successfully re- 
sisted for more than five hours the repeated assaults of an army of 65,000 
men flushed with victory and bent on his annihilation. On a portion of 
his line the last assault was repelled by the bayonet and several hundred 
of the enemy were captured. When night had closed over the combatants 
the last sound of battle was the booming of Gen. Thomas' guns. He held 
the road to Chattanooga and the army of the Cumberland was saved from 
destruction. 

Gen. Thomas resembled Washington in the gravity and dignity of his 
character, in the solidity of his judgment, in the careful accuracy of all his 
transactions, in his incorruptible integrity, and his extreme but unaffected 
modesty. Large and powerful, his movements were easy and quiet. He 
was resolute, unyielding, with a fortitude incapable of intimidation or dis- 
may, and yet without pretension, boasting or self-assertion. He was alto- 
gether free from affectation or envy. He was never coarse or vulgar. He 
was genial and frank in communication, yet reticent and self-contained as 
to all that related to himself, neither inviting nor volunteering confidence. 
He was a model soldier. Arms was his profession. He recognized but one 
path to glory — the path of duty. His reason told him where his duty lay, 
his conscience bade him follow it. His plans of battle were carefully pre- 
pared, and then when all things were ready he launched the dread thunder- 
bolt of power, and with one stroke dealt the destruction he had devised. 
Mill Spring and Nashville — his first and last battles in the West — are capital 
illustrations of his military character. In reference to the battle of Nash- 
ville, the impatience of his superiors at a distance too great to appreciate 



23 

the difficulties of the situation provoked from him no complaint. He tele- 
graphed to the lieutenant-general: "I can only say that I have done all 
in my power to prepare, and if you should deem it necessary to relieve me, 
I shall submit without a murmur." When the time arrived for the delivery 
of the meditated blow, and its complete and thorough success was known, 
he received ample compensation for the temporary distrust in hearty and 
ungrudging congratulations from the president, secretary of war, and lieu- 
tenant-general as creditable to them as they were gratifying and just to him 
confirmed as they were by the thanks of Congress for the skill and daunt- 
less courage by which the rebel army under Gen. Hood was signally de- 
feated and driven from the State of Tennessee. A generation in Virginia 
will yet arise who will learn and confess the truth, that George H. 
Thomas, when he lifted his sword to bar the pathway of her secession, 
loved her as well as those who joined the cause of the South, and he 
served her better. 

One day in September, 1863, while looking for Gen. A. McD. McCook 
in Chattanooga valley,I saw a signal flag waving not far away, and riding up 
to the signal station found Lieut. Wm. Quinton, signal officer on Gen. 
Thomas' staff , in communication with a signal station on Lookout Mountain. 
He could not tell me where to find Gen. McCook, but was veiy anxious to 
be relieved in order that he might ride on towards Chickamauga with Gen. 
Thomas, and asked me if I would not relieve him. As it seemed important 
to keep the line open, I agreed to take his place while the Twentieth Corps, 
which was to follow the Fourteenth, was passing. After we had made the 
necessary arrangements, Lieut. Quinton said to me: "Lieutenant, I would 
like to introduce you to General Thomas. He is one of the kindest men that 
ever lived, and his staff look on him more as a father than their general." 
So we rode up to a slight elevation where Gen. Thomas and his staff were 
watching his troops as they were marching along the road to Chickamauga. 
The general received us very cordially, paid a high compliment to the signal 
corps, said his signal officers were all gentlemen upon whom he felt he could 
always rely, and he thought the signal corps would be better appreciated 
in the West as the different generals became more familiar with it. While 
we were conversing a staff officer galloped up, saluted and announced to the 
general that Chattanooga had been evacuated by the enemy and occupied 
by the brigade of Gen. Harker. Gen. Thomas said that "he was very 
glad to hear it and he hoped Gen. Harker would see that all public and 
private property was protected ; he understood that there was a large supply 
of hospital stores there, including considerable wine, and he wanted them 
all carefully saved for the benefit of his own wounded and those of the 
enemy." The staff officer said "he was sure that Gen. Harker would do it, 
and that guards were being established when he left." As we rode away 
Lieut. Quinton remarked "That was just like Gen. Thomas, that is the way 
he is always looking after the wants of his men." 

The final obsequies in honor of Gen. Thomas took place on the 8th of 
April, 1870, in St. Paul's Episcopal church, Troy, N. Y., attended by Pres- 
ident, Grant, the judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, 
senators and representatives of Congress, officers of the army and navy, 
and many veterans of the army of the Cumberland and the Civil War. 
The pall bearers were Generals Meade, Scofield, Hooker, Rosecrans, Hazen, 
Granger, Newton and McKay. The religious sei vices were conducted by 



Bishop Doane of Albany and the Rev. Doctors Cort, Potter, Walsh and 
Reese, and the body was followed to the grave in the beautiful cemetery of 
Oakwood by his comrades and old soldiers, where it was buried beside his 
Northern wife. 

Mild in manner; fair in favor; 

Kind in temper; fierce in fight ; 
Warrior nobler, gentler, braver, 
Never will behold the light! 




